Cordova
Apache Cordova is a free and open source tool for make iOS and Android apps. First step is to create the project using a development tool such as AppStudio. The project is then compiled into .ipa and .apk files by Cordova.
Apache Cordova (formerly PhoneGap) is a mobile application development framework originally created by Nitobi. Adobe Systems purchased Nitobi in 2011, rebranded it as PhoneGap, and later released the open source version of the software as Apache Cordova.
PhoneGap Build, a web service which uses Cordova, is still available. It's much easier to use than Cordova itself. Here are instructions for Android and iOS for AppStudio users.
Cordova is recommended for users
- Who want to build locally on their own system.
- Who have requirements that PhoneGap Build cannot satisfy.
- Who have the technical expertise to install the toolchain.
Is a Mac required?
If you're only going to make Android apps, no Mac is needed.
There are several steps to producing an iOS app which can only be done on a Mac:
- Getting a signing certificate requires the macOS Keychain app
- Signing the .ipa file requires XCode
- Setting the .mobileprovision file requires XCode
- Uploading the app to the iTunes Store requires XCode or Transporter.
As of the last update to this page, the minimum requirement for a Mac is that it runs macOS Catalina (10.15.4). This is required for XCode 11.4, which contains the libraries to create iOS 13.4 apps. Any Mac which can run Catalina should have sufficient speed, memory and storage. Keep in mind that XCode needs 17 gigs of storage.
It's possible to use a service such as MacInCloud instead of an actual Mac.
Android apps can be made on both Windows and MacOS.
Prerequisites
Download and install Node. (This also installs npm.) https://nodejs.org/en/download/
Cordova Android Requirements (not needed if you are only doing iOS): (About 7 gigs on Windows, 8 gigs on Mac) https://cordova.apache.org/docs/en/latest/guide/platforms/android/index.html#installing-the-requirements
Installing the Android toolchain can be tricky. It's fragile: all the environmental variables and paths must be correctly set up. There doesn't seem to be an easy way to check and fix problems.
macOS/iOS
- Membership in Apple's Developer program. ($99USD/yr)
- XCode 11 from App Store (about 16 gigs)
https://cordova.apache.org/docs/en/latest/guide/platforms/ios/index.html#installing-the-requirements
- mobileprovision file (from Apple Developer site)
- signing certificate (from Apple Developer site)
How to make an app using Cordova
- Install the Prerequisites.
- Make your app as usual with AppStudio.
- In your Project Properties, set the 'Cordova command' in the PhoneGap and Cordova section. 'Emulate ios' and 'emulate android' are good for testing.
- If you have an Android device connected by a USB cable, use 'run android --debug'. It's faster than the emulator.
- From the Run menu, select Make Native App with Cordova.
- The app should load and run on the emulator or device.
- Release versions of Android device need need to be signed.
- To run on an iOS device, it will need to be signed.
Signing Android Apps
Unsigned apps will run fine in the emulator and on devices. They are especially useful for debugging - you can use Chrome to Remote Debug your app.
If you want to submit your app to the Google Play or Android store, you will need to sign it. Signing is done using a keystore file.
Once you have the keystore file, put it in your project folder. Go into the Cordova Build property in 'PhoneGap and Cordova' and modify the Android Release section with the name of the keystore file and the password.
Complete information on signing Android apps with Cordova is here:
https://cordova.apache.org/docs/en/latest/guide/platforms/android/index.html#signing-an-app
Signing iOS Apps
Both Debug and Release builds need to be signed to run on iOS devices.
The debug and release builds need separate codeSignIdentity and provisioningProfile settings, downloaded from Apple.
You can also leave these values unmodified in AppStudio and supply the information to Xcode instead.
Complete information on signing iOS apps with Cordoba is here:
https://cordova.apache.org/docs/en/latest/guide/platforms/ios/#signing-an-app
Cordova Commands
| Command | Windows | macOS |
|---|---|---|
| emulate ios | Nothing | Opens app in iOS Simulator. |
| emulate android | Opens app in Android Emulator | Creates debug apk and opens in Android Emulator |
| run ios --debug | Nothing | Creates debug ipa and opens app on Simulator or USB connected device. provisioningProfile and developmentTeam must be supplied in build.json. |
| run android --debug | Opens app on USB connected device | Creates debug apk and opens on USB connected device |
| run ios --release | Nothing | Creates signed ipa and opens app on Simulator or USB connected device. codeSignIdentity, provisioningProfile and developmentTeam must be supplied in build.json. |
| run android --release | Creates signed .apk | Creates signed .apk |
| Create cordova directory only | Creates all files, but does not run a Cordova command. | Creates all files, but does not run a Cordova command. |
| Create and open in Xcode | Nothing | Creates all files, then launches in XCode. |
The full list of command options is in the Cordova documentation.
You can also enter the commands manually. Open a terminal window in {your project}/cordova, and enter one of the commands above or others:
$ cordova platform Installed platforms: android 8.1.0 ios 5.1.1 Available platforms: browser ^6.0.0 electron ^1.0.0 osx ^5.0.0 windows ^7.0.0
Cordova build.json
This file contains parameters for signing apps. It's in Project Properties, in the 'PhoneGap and Cordova' section. When you run Cordova, it gets copied into the cordova folder and instructs Cordova how to sign the app.
Android
Here's the default Android section in build.json. Only a 'release' section is provided - no debug section is provided since the defaults will work fine in almost all cases.
"android": {
"release": {
"keystore": "../certificates/android.keystore",
"storePassword": "mypassword",
"alias": "key0",
"password": "mypassword",
"keystoreType": ""
}
}
For more options, see the Cordova documentation:
https://cordova.apache.org/docs/en/latest/guide/platforms/android/index.html#signing-an-app
iOS
Here's the default iOS section in build.json. Both a debug and release section are required.
"ios": {
"debug": {
"codeSignIdentity": "iPhone Developer",
"provisioningProfile": "8b3aafc5-e001-4bbe-ac6f-bc6df8ab2534",
"developmentTeam": "J36MEHTA7K",
"packageType": "development",
"automaticProvisioning": true,
"buildFlag": [
"EMBEDDED_CONTENT_CONTAINS_SWIFT = YES",
"ALWAYS_EMBED_SWIFT_STANDARD_LIBRARIES=NO",
"LD_RUNPATH_SEARCH_PATHS = \"@executable_path/Frameworks\""
]
},
"release": {
"codeSignIdentity": "iPhone Developer",
"developmentTeam": "J36MEHTA7K",
"packageType": "app-store",
"automaticProvisioning": true,
"buildFlag": [
"EMBEDDED_CONTENT_CONTAINS_SWIFT = YES",
"ALWAYS_EMBED_SWIFT_STANDARD_LIBRARIES=NO",
"LD_RUNPATH_SEARCH_PATHS = \"@executable_path/Frameworks\""
]
}
These are the fields you need to worry about:
- codeSignIdentity is the name of the certificate downloaded from Apple. It appears in the macOS Keystore app. Get your certificate from Apple's Developer site in the 'Certificates, Identifiers and Profiles' sections, under 'Certificates'.
- provisioningProfile is the UUID of the mobileprovision file. Download it from Apple and double click on it. Xcode will update your system so XCode can find it. Get the UUID by opening the mobileprovision file itself in an editor and finding UUID. Get your mobileprovision from Apple's Developer site in the 'Certificates, Identifiers and Profiles' sections, under 'Profiles'. You will also need to set up devices in 'Devices' and create an Identifier in 'Identifiers'. The App ID must match the id in config.xml.
- developmentTeam is your Team ID. Log into Apple's Developer site and check the Membership page.
For more options, see the Cordova documentation:
https://cordova.apache.org/docs/en/latest/guide/platforms/ios/index.html#signing-an-app